Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is a cornerstone of the Mediterranean diet, celebrated for its rich content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and antioxidants, including vitamin E and various phenolic compounds.

Recent clinical studies suggest that the phenolic compounds in EVOO can regulate physiological functions and may help prevent metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.

The historical significance of olive trees in Mediterranean culture spans thousands of years, with evidence of their domestication dating back 5,000 to 6,000 years.

Olive leaves are recognized for their rich nutritional profile, containing carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, vitamins, and minerals, which contribute to their classification as a functional food and health supplement.

Research has identified major phenolic classes in olive leaves, including secoiridoids and flavonoids, with their biochemical composition varying based on geographical, climatic, and agricultural factors.

Despite the known antioxidant capacity of phenolic compounds, further investigation is necessary to fully understand the fatty acid and mineral contents of olive leaves.

The phenolic compounds found in olives and olive oil are linked to lower rates of cancer and cardiovascular diseases, leading to increased research interest in their health benefits over the last decade.

Human clinical trials have primarily examined the effects of hydroxytyrosol (HT) on cardiovascular health, showing promising results in lowering blood pressure and cholesterol levels.

Animal studies regarding the cardiovascular effects of HT have yielded mixed results, with some indicating adverse outcomes at higher doses.

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has deemed HT safe for use in functional foods, establishing no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAEL).

Future research should delve into the mechanisms by which olive leaf extract (OLE) influences neuro-immune and cardiovascular health, particularly in conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Differences in study design and methodologies underscore the necessity for further research to clarify the real-world efficacy of EVOO phenolic compounds.