APP-2 has demonstrated strong antioxidant activity, effectively scavenging free radicals and chelating ferrous ions, which is crucial for mitigating oxidative stress-related diseases.

The study confirms that the optimized ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) method significantly increases the extraction yield of APP compared to traditional techniques.

This optimization process resulted in a maximum crude polysaccharide yield of 14.78% under specific conditions, including a liquid-solid ratio of 30.00 mL/g and an extraction temperature of 81 °C.

Arthrospira platensis is increasingly recognized not only for its safety and nutritional benefits but also for its polysaccharides, which may offer various health benefits, including anti-tumor and anti-diabetic effects.

Recent research highlights the promising applications of APP-2, a polysaccharide derived from Arthrospira platensis, as an antioxidant and immunomodulator across the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.

The immunomodulatory effects of APP-2 were also investigated, revealing increased viability and phagocytic ability in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, suggesting its potential as an immune enhancer.

Following purification, two polysaccharide fractions, APP-1 and APP-2, were isolated, with APP-2 exhibiting stronger antioxidant and immunoregulatory activities compared to APP-1.

The study further explored the effects of an aqueous extract of Arthrospira platensis on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), aiming to promote cell proliferation and facilitate endothelial healing.

Results indicated that the highest proliferation of HUVECs occurred at a concentration of 100 µg/mL of AP, resulting in a 52% increase in cell density after 85 hours.

Cell viability and membrane integrity assessments showed no significant damage from AP treatment, indicating its safety for endothelial cells.

At the same concentration, AP also prevented activation or dysfunction of HUVECs, as evidenced by stable prostacyclin and interleukin-6 levels.

The research concludes that AP could be beneficial in accelerating endothelial cell proliferation following vascular injuries, such as stent placements.