Invertebrate models are particularly useful due to their simplicity and genetic tractability, while vertebrate models enable exploration of complex behaviors associated with aging.

Although 2D cell cultures are commonly used for mechanistic studies, they lack the physiological complexity of real brain tissue.

Conventional models of aging have led to significant discoveries but often fail to accurately replicate the human brain's aging process.

Brain-on-a-chip systems utilize microfluidics and 3D cultures to effectively model blood-brain barrier dynamics and neuronal networks.

This diverse array of models is vital for advancing our knowledge of the aging brain and developing innovative therapeutic strategies.

Research on brain aging is crucial for understanding age-related neurodegenerative disorders and developing effective therapeutic interventions.

By integrating diverse models, researchers aim to uncover the complex mechanisms of brain aging and expedite the development of targeted therapies for these disorders.

3D brain models are essential for studying various aging processes, including blood-brain barrier integrity, cell degeneration, and synaptic connection loss.

Recent advancements highlight the significance of 3D organoids derived from induced pluripotent stem cells, which closely mimic human brain architecture and facilitate aging studies in a human context.

These advanced 3D models provide a more accurate representation of the brain's complex anatomy compared to traditional 2D models.

Scaffold-based cultures and spheroids offer intermediate complexity, allowing researchers to study extracellular matrix interactions and age-related neuronal changes.

Numerous models, including 2D cell cultures, invertebrates, and vertebrates like zebrafish and rodents, have been employed to deepen our understanding of brain aging.