Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness in older adults, affecting millions worldwide and projected to increase in prevalence.

AMD is characterized by the degeneration of the retina, leading to central vision loss, with two main forms: dry AMD, which progresses slowly, and wet AMD, responsible for rapid vision loss.

RPE (retinal pigment epithelium) dysfunction due to oxidative stress is a key factor in AMD development, with melanin playing a protective role against oxidative stress.

Age-related melanin loss in the RPE leads to decreased antioxidant capabilities and increased oxidative damage, contributing to AMD progression.

Studies suggest that melanin supplementation may have a therapeutic effect in AMD by serving as a bioenergetic agent.

The metabolic relationship between RPE and photoreceptor cells is critical for retinal function; RPE dysfunction results in photoreceptor death and visual impairment.

Mitochondrial dysfunction in the RPE due to UV and blue light exposure exacerbates AMD development.

Ocular melanin, originating from different embryological structures, plays a protective role against retinal degeneration.

Racial disparities exist in AMD prevalence, with white individuals more likely to exhibit severe symptoms compared to Black individuals.

Understanding the role of melanin in AMD pathogenesis and its potential therapeutic benefits is crucial for developing effective treatments to prevent vision loss in AMD patients.

Further research is needed to explore the impact of melanin loss in the RPE and its implications for AMD progression.