Recent research highlights the significant role of human gut microbiota (GM) in neurological, psychiatric, and neurodevelopmental disorders, suggesting potential therapeutic strategies.

The investigation focuses on five key areas: the composition of GM and its influencing factors, interactions within the gut-brain axis, the impact of GM on neurological disorders, therapeutic strategies for GM modulation, and the health implications of GM dysbiosis.

The human gut microbiota comprises 10 to 100 trillion microorganisms that play a crucial role in health, with its composition varying based on age, diet, and environmental factors.

Factors such as gestational age, mode of birth, and breastfeeding practices are critical in shaping the early development and diversity of the gut microbiota.

Additional influences on GM composition include diet, medications, and geographic location, all of which contribute to individual variations.

Disruptions in gut microbiota are linked to several disorders, including Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, depression, schizophrenia, ADHD, and autism, affecting cognitive functions and mood regulation.

Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in gut microbiota, is associated with various health issues, including cognitive disorders and metabolic diseases, underscoring the importance of GM in overall health.

The gut microbiota contributes to essential functions such as nutrient absorption, immune regulation, and pathogen defense, while also interacting with the nervous system through the gut-brain axis.

The gut-brain axis serves as a communication pathway between gut microbiota and the nervous system, influencing psychological states and behaviors.

Emerging therapies, including probiotics, prebiotics, and microbiota transplantation, show promise in modulating gut microbiota and alleviating symptoms of neurological and psychiatric disorders.

The article emphasizes the potential of GM modulation as a personalized treatment strategy, although further research is necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms and develop targeted therapies.

Moreover, antibiotic use has been shown to reduce gut microbiota diversity, which can increase the risk of metabolic disorders, obesity, and allergies.