The summer of 2023 was the warmest in at least 2,000 years, surpassing the 2-degree Celsius threshold of the Paris Agreement.

Tree ring data from the Northern Hemisphere was used to determine that 2023 may also have been the hottest year in at least 125,000 years.

Lack of tree ring data from the Southern Hemisphere and the Tropics means these findings are not globally applicable.

The study's lead author highlighted the urgency to combat climate change due to potential irreversible impacts on future generations.

Researchers emphasize the necessity of limiting greenhouse gas emissions as global temperatures continue to rise beyond the 1.5 degrees Celsius goal of the 2015 Paris Agreement.

El Niño's effects could continue into 2024, potentially setting new temperature records and impacting climate projections.