Symptoms of norovirus typically appear 12 to 48 hours after exposure and include severe vomiting and diarrhea, which can lead to dehydration.

While most individuals recover fully without medical treatment, rehydration is crucial, and those experiencing severe symptoms should seek medical attention.

Globally, norovirus is responsible for approximately 200,000 deaths each year, underscoring the need for effective prevention and management strategies.

Norovirus outbreaks have surged across the United States, with 91 cases reported in early December 2023, a significant increase from 69 the previous week.

Minnesota has reported over 40 outbreaks in December 2024 alone, nearly double the usual number, indicating a widespread issue.

Additionally, multiple cruise ships experienced norovirus outbreaks in December 2024, including one Holland America Line cruise where 83 guests and 12 crew members reported illness.

Norovirus primarily spreads through direct contact with infected individuals, contaminated surfaces, and consumption of contaminated food or water, particularly shellfish.

Young children, older adults, and those with weakened immune systems are at higher risk for severe dehydration, a serious concern due to the virus's symptoms.

The CDC reports about 2,500 norovirus outbreaks annually, but monitoring is limited to only 14 states, suggesting that the actual incidence may be higher.

Currently, there is no approved vaccine for norovirus, although Moderna is conducting a phase three trial for an mRNA vaccine involving 25,000 adults worldwide.

This rise in infections follows a lull during the early COVID-19 pandemic, as social distancing measures have eased, leading to a rebound in norovirus cases in 2024.

Recent outbreaks include a notable incident in Los Angeles where over 80 individuals fell ill after consuming contaminated raw oysters at a restaurant event.