A research team from the University of Oxford has unveiled the explosive seed dispersal mechanism of the squirting cucumber (Ecballium elaterium), with findings published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on November 25, 2024.

Using advanced imaging techniques, including high-speed videography that captured up to 8600 frames per second, the researchers analyzed the rapid seed ejection process, which lasts only 30 milliseconds.

The squirting cucumber disperses its seeds explosively through a high-pressure jet of mucilage, achieving speeds of about 20 meters per second and distances up to 10 meters.

Mathematical modeling revealed that the plant's seed projection method is nearly optimal, balancing speed and range for effective seed distribution.

This evolutionary mechanism allows the plant to disperse seeds widely, reducing competition and improving offspring survival rates.

The timing of seed release affects their speed and launch angle, with the first seeds being launched further due to higher pressure, while subsequent seeds land closer, creating a wide distribution pattern.

Before seed ejection, the stem undergoes structural changes, becoming longer and stiffer, which is crucial for the effective launch of seeds.

Changes to the fluid redistribution process can negatively affect seed survival and distribution, as shown in the team's models.

The insights from this research could inspire bio-engineering innovations, particularly in developing controlled drug delivery systems.

Co-author Chris Thorogood emphasized the significance of unraveling this botanical enigma, which has intrigued scientists since ancient times.

The squirting cucumber has been known since ancient times, with Pliny the Elder documenting its seed ejection and warning of its potential dangers.

Overall, the research showcases the remarkable capabilities of plants, challenging the notion that they are passive organisms.