This research focuses on the Xiaolangdi Reservoir and the Lower Yellow River (LYR) ecosystem in China, utilizing emergy theory to analyze material and energy flows.

The study area spans approximately 121,241.92 square kilometers in the Yellow River Basin, characterized by diverse vegetation types.

The investigation analyzes trends in fractional vegetation cover (FVC) and ecosystem services (ESs) in the Yellow River Basin from 2010 to 2020.

A positive ecosystem services supply-demand ratio (ESDR) was observed in 82.19% of the Qinling Mountains, indicating favorable dynamics despite fluctuations over the years.

Findings reveal significant variations in avoided erosion and export values, with minimum levels recorded in 2015 and peaks in 2020.

During this period, landscape aesthetics, soil conservation, food production, and total ecosystem services increased, while water yield decreased.

External feedback inputs have become crucial for enhancing the resilience of the LYR ecosystem, although they have reduced the extent of ecosystem services compared to pre-perturbation levels.

The study utilized satellite data from Landsat, focusing on disturbances, recovery, and spatial characteristics of the LYR ecosystem.

Employing the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and bivariate spatial autocorrelation methods, the study provides insights for local ecological management efforts.

Water balance models are essential for ecological protection policies, effectively analyzing precipitation and runoff in the region.

The research offers valuable insights for ecological protection and restoration strategies in response to climate changes and human disturbances.

The LR-YRB is a critical area for ecological security and modernization in China, facing challenges from climate change and human activities that impact ecosystem stability.