The findings revealed that TEC anomalies, which may indicate earthquake precursors, were observed starting three days before the seismic events, with significant positive anomalies occurring immediately after.

Additionally, anomalies in air temperature were recorded over seven months, and changes in outgoing long-wave radiation were noted one month prior to the earthquakes, suggesting preparatory processes.

The study also analyzed space weather conditions, including sunspot numbers and geomagnetic field components, to understand their influence on the ionosphere during this period.

Building on existing models like the Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC) model, the research explains how seismic activity can cause anomalies in atmospheric and ionospheric parameters.

The results underscore the importance of monitoring the spatiotemporal evolution of earthquake precursors to improve seismic hazard assessments in geotectonically active areas.

Overall, the study indicates a clear correlation between ionospheric disturbances and the seismic events, providing valuable insights for future earthquake prediction research.

Notably, changes in atmospheric temperature behavior observed 10 days prior to the earthquakes further suggest a potential connection between atmospheric conditions and seismic activity.

A recent study by researchers from Konya Technical University investigates ionospheric and atmospheric anomalies as potential precursors to the Mw 7.7 and Mw 7.6 earthquakes that struck Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye, on February 6, 2023.

The researchers employed a methodology that involved calculating Total Electron Content (TEC) values using GPS signals and analyzing atmospheric data from the nearby LTAU sounding station.

Key atmospheric parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, and pressure were monitored to explore their relationship with seismic activity and ionospheric conditions.

Data from 29 GNSS receivers over a 49-day period was utilized to compute variations in TEC and examine anomalies related to the earthquakes.

The key parameters analyzed in the study included air temperature at 2 m height, relative humidity, air pressure, surface outgoing long-wave radiation, and land surface temperature.