In related research, over 10,000 novel genetic variants were identified in coffee through the treatment of seeds and embryogenic calli with chemical mutagens.

Climate change negatively impacts coffee production, particularly high-quality Coffea arabica L., leading to yield losses and economic instability for farmers.

The conservation of genetic resources is vital for ensuring food supply and sustainable agricultural production, especially in the context of climate change.

Wheat is a crucial crop for global food security, significantly contributing to caloric and protein intake.

To enhance resilience and sustainability in dynamic environments, early maturation is essential for wheat cultivation.

Climate change exacerbates challenges in wheat production, particularly through extreme weather conditions like high temperatures and limited water supply.

Conventional breeding methods, including pure-line selection and genetic analysis, are vital for developing early-maturing wheat cultivars.

Understanding the genetic, molecular, and biochemical mechanisms behind early maturation is critical for breeding efforts.

Key traits for breeding early-maturing wheat include reduced tillering, long coleoptiles, and efficient nutrient uptake.

Photoperiod sensitivity and hormonal regulation, particularly involving gibberellins and abscisic acid, play significant roles in achieving early maturity.

Advancements in genomic and phenomic techniques are essential for producing superior crop varieties to meet the demands of a growing global population.

Low genetic diversity in coffee poses a challenge for improving crop resilience, but mutagenesis can induce beneficial mutations to address this issue.